﻿WEBVTT

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<v ->I'm Anne Chappelle.</v>

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I'm a board-certified toxicologist,

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and I'm here today to answer your questions from Twitter.

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This is "Poison Support".

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First up, we have a question from @koobylikon.

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Dude, what makes poison poisonous?

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Well, a poison is a substance that can do damage

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to any living organism or to the environment,

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but it's really all about the dose.

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Low dose, less effects.

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High dose, generally higher effects.

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If you drank six liters of water,

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that probably could kill you.

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How about 118 cups of coffee in a row, or 75 espressos?

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That would give you an overdose of caffeine.

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Something else that could kill you right on your table:

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225 grams of salt.

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There's a lot of things

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that you might not think are poisonous,

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but in the right dose, they most definitely are.

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@nextyounginn, WTF is sun poisoning?

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I thought it was just called sunburn.

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Both sun poisoning and sunburn are both caused

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by overexposure to UV rays.

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A severe sunburn becomes sun poisoning

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when it moves from just that red, hot rash to blisters,

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feeling like you have the flu, dizzy, or nauseous.

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Sun poisoning is your body's immune reaction

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to all of that sun damage.

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So what do you do if you have either of those things?

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Make sure you drink lots and lots of water.

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That sun damage will dehydrate you,

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and dehydration is a cause of a whole lot of other problems.

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Stay out of the sun.

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Apply cool, not icy cold, compresses on your skin.

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Take an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agent as well.

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@WalkingDad_IE.

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So if one happened to smash a mercury thermometer

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and then happened

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to spend an hour forensically gathering tiny dots

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of quicksilver from the floor,

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how would one happen to safely dispose of the evidence?

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Asking for a friend...

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It is very, very important that you are careful

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and complete in how you actually clean up this spill.

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Mercury can vaporize, get into the air,

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and you can breathe it.

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So you wanna see if you can have your windows open.

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Please don't touch it.

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I know it's fun to let it play in your hand,

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but you can't do that anymore.

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So wear some gloves.

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Be very careful.

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Use duct tape to kind of pound on the ground to clean it up.

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You can use damp paper towels.

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All of those things, those cleaning supplies,

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everything, put into some kind of giant Ziploc-type bag,

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and then you're gonna have to wait

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until you have a hazardous waste collection day

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and dispose of it properly.

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Do not clean up spilled mercury with a vacuum cleaner.

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Mercury is very, very dangerous for the environment,

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and it's also not great for you either.

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From @RickNowack, what is the most poisonous mushroom?

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It's a poisonous mushroom.

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Does it have to have the most poisonous?

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Well, if you really want to know,

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it's probably the death cap mushroom.

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Within six to 12 hours, you are in incredible pain.

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Nausea, vomiting, violent chills,

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muscle contractions, all of these nasty things.

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And eventually, if the dose was high enough,

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you end up having liver failure,

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multiple organ failure, and death.

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From Crimson Sexta,

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I've been trying for so long

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to explain the difference between venom and poison

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when it comes to snakes to my friends.

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Help!

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The difference really is how that poison is delivered

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to the person.

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A poison is administered or you're exposed to it

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via breathing or touching it or ingesting it.

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Venom, that is also a poison,

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but it's how you get that poison.

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That's more of a sting or a bite.

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So it's more active.

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You eat a frog, that's a poison.

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You get bit by a copperhead snake,

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that's a venomous attack.

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@WildlifeDefence asks, what is Compound 1080?

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Compound 1080 is an extremely potent predacide.

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Predacide is designed to kill predators.

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So if you've got sheep and goats in your field

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and you've got a problem with coyotes,

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well, this is what you would use.

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Because Compound 1080 is so potent,

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they have a special way to administer it

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to avoid killing broad numbers of animals in your field.

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There's a collar that they put around the neck.

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So it's got a collar with a reservoir of the 1080 right

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along the neck so that when the coyote comes along

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and grabs the neck,

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it bites into that reservoir and is immediately poisoned

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and dies.

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@LTHSAPES asks, what does a toxicologist study?

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Just like there's different kinds of doctors,

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there's lots of different kinds of toxicologists.

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I am an occupational toxicologist,

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and my job is to look at all the things

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that could be in a workplace.

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Food toxicologists, for example,

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they work to make sure our food supply is safe.

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I even know a toxicologist that works at a winery.

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From @bluebellbats,

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Google search how to detect poison.

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Unfortunately, to detect a poison,

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I'm gonna need to have a little bit more information.

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If the lead singer is Brett Michaels,

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then I'm sure it is poison.

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If it's just bad medicine, sorry, that's Bon Jovi.

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If it's party poison, that's My Chemical Romance.

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@katlinnrebecca asks, so is alcohol actually poison, or...

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Anything can be a poison in the right dose,

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and alcohol is definitely a poison if you drink too much.

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First of all, alcohol can impair your central nervous system

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so that can slow your breathing.

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A byproduct of alcohol metabolism is the formation

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of acetaldehyde.

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Acetaldehyde is a chemical that really likes

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to damage parts of your liver.

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Long-term, that slow exposure over time to alcohol

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and its metabolites can result in cirrhosis

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and other kinds of liver damage,

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eventually leading to potentially liver cancer.

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From @lkhouvanjou75,

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mad hatters were mad because of the lead/mercury?

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Anybody know why?

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I do.

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It was mercury.

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Mercury was used to help make the different skins they used

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for hats.

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It helped that fur matte really well.

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It also toughened up the fibers

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and was made of very high-quality felt

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that was gonna be used in the hat.

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Part of the hat-making process is

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that you steam the hat.

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That releases all of that mercury into the air,

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and then they breathed it.

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They said that they were mad hatters.

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It's because of many of the psychological symptoms

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that the overexposure to the mercury caused:

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hallucinations, dizziness, tremors.

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You think of mad hatters, actually,

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as something being from Victorian times,

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ut actually it wasn't until 1940s that,

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in the United States,

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the governor of Connecticut banned the use

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of mercury in hats.

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@Apypawe asks, how long does poison take to work?

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Some poisons can make you sick right

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after you ingest, breathe, or touch it.

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Other poisons, those can take a lifetime to really manifest

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in its adverse effects.

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Something like cyanide.

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You've seen them eat those poison pills in movies.

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That definitely can kill you within a few minutes.

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Cyanide is a very toxic chemical,

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and it is extremely potent.

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When you get exposed to cyanide,

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it quickly enters your cell and stops your cell's ability

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to actually make energy.

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You see the convulsions, you have a heart attack,

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you have different problems within your heart,

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and it's all because cyanide is really good

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about getting in your body and inside those cells

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where it irreversibly stops all energy production.

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Let's take another example like E.coli-contaminated lettuce.

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You eat your sandwich, you're happy,

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and then that bacteria produces a toxin

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that slowly gets released and absorbed into your gut

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and into the rest of your body.

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So it takes a few days, often,

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for E.coli to really start to exert its adverse effect.

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That's one of the reasons why food poisoning is

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so difficult to diagnose.

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You have to go back to food that you ate maybe three

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or four days ago.

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And I can't even remember what I had for breakfast.

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@96Berry asks, if a poison expires,

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will it still be poisonous, or will it not?

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Actually, it really depends.

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Some drugs, some pesticides,

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some chemicals that are poisons,

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they break down very readily

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when they're exposed to air, moisture.

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Some poisons are what I would consider shelf-stable.

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It doesn't matter how long that they sit around,

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they're still going to be just as potent

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as the day they came out of the factory.

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@A2PathwaysMedia asks,

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what are the long term effects of lead poisoning?

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Serious.

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The problem with lead is that it is stored in your bones.

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As you age and you naturally lose bone density,

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lead is slowly released.

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A young child who happens to ingest lead paint,

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they're gonna be seen with lower IQ,

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potentially hearing problems.

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In adults, a lot of times,

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the adverse effects most associated

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with lead exposure is high blood pressure.

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And what happens when you have constant high blood pressure?

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You're at higher risk for stroke and heart attack.

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@thelarssan asks, what is the deadliest poison?

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Clostridium botulinum bacteria.

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These are usually happy, little microbes that live in soil.

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When they are deprived of oxygen,

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they produce the world's most deadliest toxin, botulinum.

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You can find botulism toxin in expired food containers.

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Don't eat those.

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Botulism toxin causes an inhibition of the release

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of acetylcholine, as diagrammed here.

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So if you cannot release acetylcholine,

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then you can't have your muscles contract.

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Then, you really can't breathe,

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and your heart won't work correctly.

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But there's actually an upside to botulism toxin.

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It's called Botox.

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There are lots of people

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that really don't want certain muscles

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in their face to contract anymore.

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They go to the doctor and they get an injection of Botox.

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You can also use botulism toxin

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to treat several other kinds of conditions,

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like migraines, certain rapid blinking diseases.

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You can also get Botox injections

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to stop excessive sweating.

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@chaeyoungsslave asks the question,

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how does overdosing on pills actually work?

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Genuinely curious.

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An overdose doesn't necessarily mean death.

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An overdose means that you've absolutely taken too much

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of that particular medicine,

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and that could result in adverse effects

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that are detrimental to life and health.

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Another way that you can overdose results

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from a combination, maybe,

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of different drugs that you normally would take separately,

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that when combined, they all have the same intended effect,

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and then that overwhelms your body.

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And that can be what kills you.

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Here's another example.

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You build up tolerance for a certain drug for a while,

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and then you stop taking it.

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Your body goes back to the pre-levels

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of how it was able to metabolize it.

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And then, all of a sudden, you take another high dose,

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thinking, "Hey, that's the dose I used to take,"

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and that throws you into an overdose.

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Okay, @AdelePrass, how fast does Hemlock work?

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I'm thinking I should stockpile Brompton's Cocktails.

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In the 1930s,

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a Brompton Cocktail was commonly given

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to terminally ill people,

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and it was this crazy mixture of morphine, cocaine, alcohol,

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anti-nausea agents, as well as tranquilizers.

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The goal of a Brompton Cocktail was to relieve pain

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and to help you be awake enough so that you could talk

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to your friends when they came to visit you

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on your deathbed.

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You also asked about Hemlock.

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Hemlock is a plant that, the leaves,

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and especially the roots, are very, very poisonous.

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So you really wouldn't take a Brompton Cocktail

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and add some Hemlock to it,

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because the Brompton Cocktail was really made,

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not to help you die,

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but to help you be happy

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and pain-free when your friends came to visit.

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@nicksbluepen: y'all, how poisonous is pen ink?

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It isn't very toxic.

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According to the World Health Organization,

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ballpoint pens, felt-tip pens, fountain pens,

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all of them do not contain enough toxic ingredients,

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even if you sucked on them,

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to cause serious adverse effects.

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However, you might have a blue tongue.

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Question from @SportsPundette,

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anybody ever had rebound poison ivy rash?

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No?

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Just me?

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Perfect.

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This is not uncommon.

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If you have a bad poison ivy rash,

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sometimes the doctor will give you an injection of steroids

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to help calm your immune system down

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so that the rash can go away.

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If that medicine wears off before you're fully healed,

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then you can get what they call a rebound rash.

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That's all the questions I could find on Twitter.

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So until next time,

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this is Anne Chappelle with "Poison Support".

